Safety requirements and process (safety distances internal / external)

This LAP analyses, in general, the safety requirements (regulations and standards) associated with the approval of HRS. In particular, this LAP looks at the general rules applicable to an HRS (e.g. permitting regime, agreement) apart from the land use planning, including but not limited to:
a) environmental assessment (e.g.: emissions (IED), noise, etc.)
b) risk assessment
c) technical, including internal/external safety distances safety requirements
d) Personnel safety requirements

The LAP also explores whether it is allowed to install an HRS indoors (for example for forklifts) as well as the additional requirements applicable when an HRS is installed indoors.

Glossary:

Safety requirements are the legal (regulations and standards) requirements for safety assessment for the approval of HRS. One of the measures for safety operation of a HRS is the creation of safety distances.
The safety distance is the minimum separation between a hazard source and an object (human, equipment or environment) that will mitigate the effect of a likely foreseeable incident and prevent minor incident from escalating into larger incident.

Pan-European Assessment:

Safety requirements, risk assessments, safety distances and other requirements covered in this section are essential elements which ensure the long-term sustainability of any future HRS network, therefore, although they impose high costs (both economically, as well as in time required for planning, building and permitting), overall, they are seen as necessary investments for a safe, sustainable operation of the HRSs.
Currently, there is no clear set of safety requirements, (including distances, permits, assessments) defined specifically for Hydrogen Refueling stations in most European countries. In practice, the requirements imposed on HRS projects will be based case-by-case risk assessments or represent precautious estimations by local authorities. In this sense, a regulatory gap and, to a certain extent, a structural barrier can be observed.

The regulatory gap for safety requirements specific to HRS has several major consequences:
• HRS operators face uncertainty during permitting: there is no standardized approach by the administration for the interpretation of the applicable regulation, which can lead to non–uniform interpretation by different authorities,
• Unreasonably high requirements: Authorities which wish to exercise a high degree of precaution in the face of limited experience with hydrogen technologies interpret general (industrial) regulations by imposing the “maximum” level prescribed
• Duplication of efforts, without added safety benefits: every new HRS project is treated on a case by case basis which increases the necessity of individual (case–by–case) modelling, calculation, planning, etc. Designs which have been deemed safe already could be replicated at lower administrative and economic cost, however this does not appear to be the case in most countries.
• Disincentive HRS with on-site production: the authorization procedure for HRS with on–site production is cumbersome and, in some cases, prohibitive

The administrative practice and existing rules in some countries impose excessive safety distances for Hydrogen Storage, this is seen as a structural barrier, as imposing unreasonable safety distances prevents the adaptation of conventional refueling stations to include hydrogen re-fueling within existing locations, therefore resulting in a major barrier for the accelerated uptake of hydrogen mobility.
Is it a barrier?
No
Assessment Severity
0
Assessment
This LAP is not considered as a barrier, but as a necessary procedure to ensure that HRS are installed at minimum risk and maximum benfit to society. Carrying out the required assessments is seen as necessary and useful also on the side of the operator.

Questions:

Question 1: What are the main requirements with their applicable regulations for building an HRS (e.g. permitting regime, agreement) apart from the land use planning
There are no specific rules for HRS in the Norwegian regulations. The applicable rules are those for H2 storage and / or production, as stated in the national Regulation on handling of inflammable, reactive and pressurized substances, and equipment and facilities used in the handling of such substances [Forskrift om håndtering av brannfarlig, reaksjonsfarlig og trykksatt stoff, samt utstyr og anlegg som benyttes ved håndteringen]. Other than this, the national guideline on tapping of dangerous substances applies, and states that hydrogen fuelling stations shall be designed and constructed according to ISO/TS 20100 Gaseous hydrogen - Fuelling stations (now replaced by ISO/TS 19880-1:2016).
Question 1 What are the main requirements with their applicable regulations for building an HRS (e.g. permitting regime, agreement) apart from the land use planning? Please list them including: a - environmental assessment (e.g.: emissions (IED), noise, etc.)
Chapter 1 of the Pollution Prevention Act requires that facilities must document an action plan, including an assessment of environmental risks.
Question 1 What are the main requirements with their applicable regulations for building an HRS (e.g. permitting regime, agreement) apart from the land use planning? Please list them including: b - risk assessment
b - Risk assessment shall be part of the projecting and subsequently updated. According to paragraph 14 of the national guideline on tapping of dangerous substances, it shall include a systematic mapping of hazards and unwanted events, as per the regulation on internal control, paragraph 5. The level of detail required depends on the size and complexity of the fuel station and its environment. The national standard NS 5814 – Krav til risikovurderinger (requirements pertaining to risk assessments) is recommended, but not mandatory. For installations harbouring more than 5 tons of hydrogen, special consent from the Directorate for Civil Protection (DSB), and a comprehensive risk assessment relating to major accident hazard (ref. the Regulation on Major Accident Hazard (Storulykkesforskriften) and the Seveso Directive) is required
Question 1 What are the main requirements with their applicable regulations for building an HRS (e.g. permitting regime, agreement) apart from the land use planning? Please list them including: c - technical, including internal/external safety distances safety requirements
c - The national guideline on tapping of dangerous substances states that hydrogen fuelling stations shall be designed and constructed according to ISO/TS 20100 Gaseous hydrogen – Fuelling stations (now replaced by ISO/TS 19880–1:2016). The national legislation does not contain additional requirements for HRS as compared to installations for LPG and LNG. Safety distances depend on tank size. Above ground technical minimum distances for LPG tanks are 6 m (0-13 m3), 25 m (> 13 m3), and for LNG in the range of 3 m (0-2 m3), 5 m (2-8 m3), and 15 m (63-114 m3). Minimum distance to neighbouring property ranges from 3 m to 30 m, again depending on tank size. Exact safety distances are to be determined via risk assessment as per the mentioned ISO standard.
Question 1 What are the main requirements with their applicable regulations for building an HRS (e.g. permitting regime, agreement) apart from the land use planning? Please list them including: d - Personnel safety requirements
d - The ATEX directive applies, and hazard areas are classified according to EN 6007–10:2003. The personnel must have been trained to work in potential explosive atmospheres (in case of H2 leaks and emergency situations). Every personnel who will have access to the HRS installation must have his personal protection and H2 detection equipment.
Question 1 What are the main requirements with their applicable regulations for building an HRS (e.g. permitting regime, agreement) apart from the land use planning? Please list them including: e - others
e - Where more than 400 liters (0,4 m3 tank volume) is involved, a receipt documenting that the use of dangerous substances has been reported to the Directorate for Civil Protection (DSB) must be included in the documentation.
Question 2 Is it allowed to install and HRS inside for example for forklifts? Is there any additional requirements when you install the HRS inside? If yes, what are the legal requirement? Did they hamper you to install them inside? What are the main requirements with their applicable regulations for building an HRS (e.g. permitting regime, agreement) apart from the land use planning? Please list them including:
2. According to the national guideline for tapping of dangerous substances, integration of any kind of fuel stations in buildings represents an added risk and is to be avoided. The Directorate for Civil Protection may give consent in exceptional cases, based on additional risk and impact assessments, but it is not allowed to have piping for inflammable substances category 1 and 2 pass inside buildings.
Describe the comparable technology and its relevance with regard to hydrogen
Comparable technology would be LNG, CNG.

National legislation:

EU Legislation:

  • Directive 2012/18/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances (so-called SEVESO Directive)
    The Directive covers situations where dangerous substances may be present (e.g. during processing or storage) in quantities exceeding certain thresholds.

    It establishes:
    • General obligations on the operator (Article 5)
    • Notification (information on the form and amount of substances, the activity, and the surrounding environment) of all concerned establishments (Article 7),
    • The obligation to deploy a major accident prevention policy (Article 8),
    • The obligation to produce a safety report for upper-tier establishments (Article 10);
    • The obligation to produce internal emergency plans for upper tier establishments (Article 12);
    • Authorities to exert control of the siting of new establishments, modifications to new establishments, and new developments including transport routes, locations of public use and residential areas in the vicinity of establishments, (Article 13)
    • The obligation to conduct public consultations on specific individual projects that may involve risk of major accidents (Article 15)

    Annex I, Part 1, establishes Hydrogen as a dangerous substance (therefore within scope) and lists the quantity of hydrogen for the application of lower-tier requirements (≥ 5t) and upper-tier requirements (≥ 50t).

    For quantities of less than 5 tonnes of hydrogen, none of the obligations above would apply.

    The Directive is relevant for both the approval of bunkering / landing installations as well as on board transport of hydrogen
  • ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU - covering equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
    The Directive defines the essential health and safety requirements and conformity assessment procedures (Article 4) to be applied before products are placed on the EU market and is significant for the engineering of hydrogen production plants. It covers inter alia equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres.

    The Directive requires employers to classify areas where hazardous explosive atmospheres may occur into zones. The classification given to a particular zone, and its size and location, depends on the likelihood of an explosive atmosphere occurring and its persistence if it does.

    The Directive requires the manufacturers to design their equipment to be suitable for use within their customer’s explosive atmosphere. Therefore, manufacturers of equipment rely upon their customer to give them information about the classification of the zone and the flammable substance(s) within that zone.

    The Directive describes the rules and regulations for all actors in the value chain, with respect to ensuring that only safe equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres are sold and applied. It provides regulation of how the equipment shall be constructed, produced and documented, as well as the rules for CE-labelling.

    It also contains, inter alia conformity assessment procedures (Art 13) EU declaration of conformity (Art 14) and General principles of the CE marking (Art 16)

    The Directive is relevant for the approval of landing / bunkering installations
  • Directive 2014/52/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 amending Directive 2011/92/EU on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment).
    The Directives (and their subsequent amendments) define a strategic environmental impact assessment procedure. The procedure is summarized as follows: the developer may request the competent authority define what should be covered by the EIA information to be provided by the developer (scoping stage); the developer must provide information on the environmental impact (EIA report – Annex IV); the environmental authorities and the public (and affected Member States) must be informed and consulted; the competent authority decides, taken into consideration the results of consultations. The public is informed of the decision afterwards and can challenge the decision before the courts.

    In line with the EIA Directive, Production and Storage of Hydrogen falls within the projects listed in Annex II (6a and 6c -production of chemicals; and storage facilities for chemical product), for which Member States shall determine whether the project shall be made subject to an assessment or not. In some EU countries, storage of 5 tons of hydrogen or more falls within the scope of the Directives.

    The latest amendment, (Directive 2014/52/EU) introduces minimum requirements with regards to the type of projects subject to assessment, the main obligations of developers, the content of the assessment and the participation of the competent authorities and the public.
  • Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (EIA Directive)
    The Directives (and their subsequent amendments) define a strategic environmental impact assessment procedure. The procedure is summarized as follows: the developer may request the competent authority define what should be covered by the EIA information to be provided by the developer (scoping stage); the developer must provide information on the environmental impact (EIA report – Annex IV); the environmental authorities and the public (and affected Member States) must be informed and consulted; the competent authority decides, taken into consideration the results of consultations. The public is informed of the decision afterwards and can challenge the decision before the courts.

    In line with the EIA Directive, Production and Storage of Hydrogen falls within the projects listed in Annex II (6a and 6c -production of chemicals; and storage facilities for chemical product), for which Member States shall determine whether the project shall be made subject to an assessment or not. In some EU countries, storage of 5 tons of hydrogen or more falls within the scope of the Directives.

    The latest amendment, (Directive 2014/52/EU) introduces minimum requirements with regards to the type of projects subject to assessment, the main obligations of developers, the content of the assessment and the participation of the competent authorities and the public.
  • Directive 2001/42/EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment (SEA Directive)
    The Directives (and their subsequent amendments) define a strategic environmental impact assessment procedure. The procedure is summarized as follows: the developer may request the competent authority define what should be covered by the EIA information to be provided by the developer (scoping stage); the developer must provide information on the environmental impact (EIA report – Annex IV); the environmental authorities and the public (and affected Member States) must be informed and consulted; the competent authority decides, taken into consideration the results of consultations. The public is informed of the decision afterwards and can challenge the decision before the courts.

    In line with the EIA Directive, Production and Storage of Hydrogen falls within the projects listed in Annex II (6a and 6c -production of chemicals; and storage facilities for chemical product), for which Member States shall determine whether the project shall be made subject to an assessment or not. In some EU countries, storage of 5 tons of hydrogen or more falls within the scope of the Directives.

    The latest amendment, (Directive 2014/52/EU) introduces minimum requirements with regards to the type of projects subject to assessment, the main obligations of developers, the content of the assessment and the participation of the competent authorities and the public.
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  • Directive 1999/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1999 on minimum requirements for improving the safety and health protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres
    Directive 1999/92/EC lays down minimum requirements for the safety and health protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres which will apply to facilities involved in the production, storage and distribution of hydrogen. It sets out a number of specific obligations on the employer, including inter alia:

    • Prevention of and protection against explosions
    • Assessment of explosion risks
    • Special requirements for work equipment and workplaces
  • Directive 2014/68/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of pressure equipment.
    The Pressure Equipment Directive, applies to the design, manufacture and conformity assessment of pressure equipment and assemblies with a maximum allowable pressure greater than 0.5 bar.

    Technical requirements and classification according to an ascending level of hazard, depending on pressure, volume or nominal size, the fluid group and state of aggregation, as well as conformity assessment procedures are laid down and required by the Directive

    Hydrogen is a fluid which falls under Group 1. Group 1 consists of dangerous fluids (flammable, toxic and/or oxidizing). As a result, a large part of the equipment for H2 production, storage and distribution must meet the technical requirements set out in the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED).

    The Directive is relevant for the approval of landing / bunkering installations
  • Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure (AFID)
    The AFID establishes a common framework of measures for the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure in the Union in order to minimize dependence on oil and to mitigate the environmental impact of transport.

    The Directive sets out minimum requirements for the building-up of alternative fuels infrastructure, including recharging points for electric vehicles and refuelling points for natural gas (LNG and CNG) and hydrogen, to be implemented by means of Member States' national policy frameworks, as well as common technical specifications for such recharging and refuelling points, and user information requirements.

    Article 2 defines ‘Alternative fuels’ as fuels or power sources which serve, at least partly, as a substitute for fossil oil sources in the energy supply to transport and which have the potential to contribute to its decarbonisation and enhance the environmental performance of the transport sector. They include, inter alia: hydrogen.

    It lays down, in Article 5, that Member States which decide to include hydrogen refuelling points accessible to the public in their national policy frameworks shall ensure that, by 31 December 2025, an appropriate number of such points are available, to ensure the circulation of hydrogen-powered motor vehicles, including fuel cell vehicles, within networks determined by those Member States, including, where appropriate, cross-border links.

    Annex II contains technical specifications for hydrogen refuelling points for motor vehicles and additionally lays down that:
    • Outdoor hydrogen refuelling points dispensing gaseous hydrogen used as fuel on board motor vehicles shall comply with the technical specifications of the ISO/TS 20100 Gaseous Hydrogen Fuelling specification.
    • The hydrogen purity dispensed by hydrogen refuelling points shall comply with the technical specifications included in the ISO 14687-2 standard.
    • Hydrogen refuelling points shall employ fuelling algorithms and equipment complying with the ISO/TS 20100 Gaseous Hydrogen Fuelling specification.
    • Connectors for motor vehicles for the refuelling of gaseous hydrogen shall comply with the ISO 17268 gaseous hydrogen motor vehicle refuelling connection devices standard.
  • Directive 2006/42/EC of 17 May 2006 on machinery
    Contents applied technical regulations for the construction of HRS.
  • Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU
    Contents applied technical regulations for the construction of HRS.
  • Simple Pressure Vessels Directive 2014/29/EU
    Contents applied technical regulations for the construction of HRS.
  • ISO/TS 19880–1:2016 Gaseous hydrogen — Fuelling stations — Part 1: General requirements
    One of the aims of the standard is to create common methodology for determining applicable safety distances based on local requirements and conventions.